Mercury-Redstone 3

Mercury-Redstone 3

Still frame of Alan Shepard taken by a motion picture camera aboard Freedom 7
Mission type	Test flight
Operator	NASA
Mission duration	15 minutes, 28 seconds[1]
Range	263.1 nautical miles (302.8 statute miles, 487.3 km)
Apogee	101.2 nautical miles (116.5 statute miles, 187.5 km)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Mercury No.7
Manufacturer	McDonnell Aircraft
Launch mass	4,040 pounds (1,830 kg)
Landing mass	2,316 pounds (1,051 kg)
Crew
Crew size	1
Members	Alan Shepard
Callsign	Freedom 7
Start of mission
Launch date	May 5, 1961, 14:34:13 (1961-05-05UTC14:34:13Z) UTC
Rocket	Redstone MRLV MR-7
Launch site	Cape Canaveral LC-5
End of mission
Recovered by	USS Lake Champlain
Landing date	May 5, 1961, 14:49:35 (1961-05-05UTC14:49:36Z) UTC
Landing site	North Atlantic Ocean 27°14′N 75°53′W / 27.23°N 75.88°W / 27.23; -75.88
Spacecraft name as painted on the capsule side Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. Project Mercury Crewed missions ← Mercury-Redstone BD Mercury-Redstone 4 →

Mercury-Redstone 3, or Freedom 7, was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first crewed flight of Project Mercury. The project had the ultimate objective of putting an astronaut into orbit around the Earth and returning him safely. Shepard's mission was a 15-minute suborbital flight with the primary objective of demonstrating his ability to withstand the high g-forces of launch and atmospheric re-entry.

Shepard named his space capsule Freedom 7, setting a precedent for the remaining six Mercury astronauts naming their spacecraft and the format of their names, the number 7 later included in all the crewed Mercury spacecraft names not to honor NASA's first group of seven astronauts but it stood for the McDonnell Model #7 space capsule used in the Mercury Program. His spacecraft reached an altitude of 101.2 nautical miles (116.5 statute miles, 187.5 km) and traveled a downrange distance of 263.1 nautical miles (302.8 statute miles, 487.3 km). It was the fourth Mercury flight launched with the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle,^{[Note 1]} from Cape Canaveral, Florida, close to the Atlantic Ocean.

During the flight, Shepard observed the Earth and tested the capsule's attitude control system, turning the capsule around to face its blunt heat shield forward for atmospheric re-entry. He also tested the retrorockets which would return later missions from orbit, though the capsule did not have enough energy to remain in orbit. After re-entry, the capsule landed by parachute on the North Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas. Shepard and the capsule were picked up by helicopter and brought to U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain.

The mission was a technical success, though American pride in the accomplishment was dampened by the fact that just three weeks before, the Soviet Union had launched the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, who completed one orbit on Vostok 1. In 2017 the first National Astronaut Day was held on May 5 to pay tribute to this first U.S. flight.

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